Peru, formally the Republic of Peru, is a nation in western South America. It is circumscribed in the north by Ecuador and Colombia, in the east by Brazil, in the southeast by Bolivia, in the south by Chile, and in the west by the Pacific Ocean. Peru is a biodiverse nation with environments going from the dry fields of the Pacific waterfront district in the west to the pinnacles of the Andes mountains vertically reaching out from the north toward the southeast of the nation to the tropical Amazon Basin rainforest in the east with the Amazon stream. Peruvian region was home to a few antiquated societies. Going from the Norte Chico development in the 32nd century BC, the most seasoned human progress in the Americas and one of the five supports of development, to the Inca Empire, the biggest state in pre-Columbian America, the domain presently including Peru has one of the longest narratives of progress of any nation, following its legacy back to the fourth centuries BCE. The Spanish Empire vanquished the district in the sixteenth century and set up a Viceroyalty that incorporated the vast majority of its South American settlements, with its capital in Lima. Peru formally announced freedom in 1821, and following the military crusades of José de San Martín and Simón Bolívar, and the unequivocal clash of Ayacucho, Peru verified autonomy in 1824.

Lima is the capital and the biggest city of Peru. It is situated in the valleys of the Chillón, Rímac and Lurín streams, in the focal beach front piece of the nation, sitting above the Pacific Ocean. Together with the seaport of Callao, it shapes an adjoining urban territory known as the Lima Metropolitan Area. With a populace of in excess of 9 million, Lima is the most crowded metropolitan region of Peru and the third-biggest city in the Americas, behind São Paulo and Mexico City. Lima was established by Spanish conquistador Francisco Pizarro on January 18, 1535, as Ciudad de los Reyes. It turned into the capital and most significant city in the Spanish Viceroyalty of Peru. Following the Peruvian War of Independence, it turned into the capital of the Republic of Peru. Around 33% of the national populace lives in the metropolitan territory. Lima is home to one of the most seasoned organizations of higher learning in the New World. The National University of San Marcos, established on May 12, 1551, amid the Spanish provincial routine, is the most established consistently working college in the Americas.

Cantua buxifolia, (hispanicized spellings cantuta, cantu), known as qantu, qantus or qantuta is a blooming plant found in the high valleys of the Yungas of the Andes mountains in western South America. Otherwise called the Peruvian enchantment tree, it is an evergreen bush developing to 4 m (13 ft) tall by 2.5 m (8.2 ft) wide with little leaves and groups of splendid pink, tight cylindrical blossoms in late-winter. The Latin explicit sobriquet buxifolia signifies "with leaves like Buxus (box)". This plant requires protected conditions where the temperature does not fall underneath -5 °C (23 °F). In atmospheres colder than that, it ought to be developed under glass yet might be put outside in summer.

The vicuña (vicugna) or vicuna is one of the two wild South American camelids which live in the high snow capped territories of the Andes, the other being the guanaco. It is a relative of the llama, and is currently accepted to be the wild predecessor of tamed alpacas, which are raised for their jackets. Vicuñas produce little measures of incredibly fine fleece, which is extravagant on the grounds that the creature must be shorn like clockwork, and must be gotten from nature. At the point when weaved together, the result of the vicuña's fleece is extremely delicate and warm. The Inca esteemed vicuñas exceptionally for their fleece, and it was illegal for anybody yet sovereignty to wear vicuña articles of clothing; today the vicuña is the national creature of Peru and shows up in the Peruvian escutcheon. The vicuña is viewed as more fragile and smooth than the guanaco, and littler. A key distinctive component of morphology is the better-created incisor pulls for the guanaco. The vicuña's long, wooly coat is brownish darker on the back, though the hair on the throat and chest is white and very long. The head is somewhat shorter than the guanaco's and the ears are marginally more. The length of head and body ranges from 1.45 to 1.60 m (around 5 ft); bear tallness is from 75 to 85 cm (around 3 ft); its weight is from 35 to 65 kg (under 150 lb).

The Andean cock-of-the-rock is a vast passerine winged creature of the cotinga family local to Andean cloud backwoods in South America. It is broadly viewed as the national feathered creature of Peru. It has four subspecies and its nearest relative is the Guianan cockerel of-the-stone. The Andean chicken of-the-stone shows stamped sexual dimorphism; the male has a substantial plate like peak and red or splendid orange plumage, while the female is essentially darker and browner. Social occasions of guys go after rearing females with every male showing its vivid plumage, swaying and bouncing, and making an assortment of calls. In the wake of mating, the female makes a home under a rough shade, broods the eggs, and backs the youthful without anyone else's input. The Andean rooster of-the-stone eats an eating regimen of organic product, enhanced by creepy crawlies, creatures of land and water, reptiles, and littler mice. It is circulated all over the cloud timberland of the Andes, having a scope of around 260,000 km2 (100,000 sq mi). Despite the fact that it is being influenced by annihilation of its living space, the Andean chicken of-the-stone isn't delegated compromised.

The Andean condor (Vultur gryphus) is a South American flying creature in the New World vulture family Cathartidae and is the main individual from the variety Vultur. Found in the Andes mountains and adjoining Pacific shorelines of western South America, the Andean condor is the biggest flying creature on the planet by consolidated estimation of weight and wingspan. It has a most extreme wingspan of 3.3 m (10 ft 10 in). It is an expansive dark vulture with a ruff of white quills encompassing the base of the neck and, particularly in the male, vast white fixes on the wings. The head and neck are about featherless, and are a dull red shading, which may flush and in this way change shading because of the winged animal's passionate state. In the male, there is a wattle on the neck and a huge, dim red brush or caruncle on the crown of the head. In contrast to most feathered creatures of prey, the male is bigger than the female. It is one of the world's longest-living winged creatures, with a life expectancy of more than 70 years now and again.