Iraq, authoritatively the Republic of Iraq is a nation in Western Asia, circumscribed by Turkey toward the north, Iran toward the east, Kuwait toward the southeast, Saudi Arabia toward the south, Jordan toward the southwest and Syria toward the west. The capital, and biggest city, is Baghdad. Iraq is home to various ethnic gatherings including Arabs, Kurds, Assyrians, Turkmen, Shabakis, Yazidis, Armenians, Mandeans, Circassians and Kawliya. Iraq has a coastline estimating 58 km (36 miles) on the northern Persian Gulf and incorporates the Mesopotamian Alluvial Plain, the northwestern end of the Zagros mountain run and the eastern piece of the Syrian Desert. Two noteworthy streams, the Tigris and Euphrates, run south through Iraq and into the Shatt al-Arab close to the Persian Gulf. These waterways furnish Iraq with huge measures of fruitful land. The locale between the Tigris and Euphrates waterways, truly known as Mesopotamia, is frequently alluded to as the support of civilisation. It was here that humankind initially started to peruse, compose, make laws and live in urban areas under a sorted out government—remarkably Uruk, from which "Iraq" is inferred. The territory has been home to progressive civilisations since the sixth thousand years BC. Iraq was the focal point of the Akkadian, Sumerian, Assyrian and Babylonian domains. It was additionally part of the Median, Achaemenid, Hellenistic, Parthian, Sassanid, Roman, Rashidun, Umayyad, Abbasid, Ayyubid, Mongol, Safavid, Afsharid and Ottoman realms. The nation today known as Iraq was a locale of the Ottoman Empire until the segment of the Ottoman Empire in the twentieth century. It was comprised of three areas, called vilayets in the Ottoman language: Mosul Vilayet, Baghdad Vilayet, and Basra Vilayet. In April 1920 the British Mandate of Mesopotamia was made under the expert of the League of Nations. A British-sponsored government joining these vilayets into one Kingdom was built up in 1921 under Faisal I of Iraq. The Hashemite Kingdom of Iraq picked up autonomy from the UK in 1932. In 1958, the government was ousted and the Iraqi Republic made. Iraq was constrained by the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party from 1968 until 2003. After an intrusion by the United States and its partners in 2003, Saddam Hussein's Ba'ath Party was expelled from power, and multi-party parliamentary races were held in 2005. Iraq is a government parliamentary republic comprising of 19 governorates (regions) and one self-sufficient district (Iraqi Kurdistan). The nation's legitimate religion is Islam. Socially, Iraq has an exceptionally rich legacy and commends the accomplishments of its past in both pre-Islamic just as post-Islamic occasions and is known for its writers.

Baghdad is roughly 8,765,000, making it the biggest city in Iraq, the second biggest city in the Arab world (after Cairo, Egypt), and the second biggest city in Western Asia (after Tehran, Iran). Situated along the Tigris River, the city was established in the eighth century and turned into the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate. Inside a brief span of its commencement, Baghdad advanced into a noteworthy social, business, and scholarly place for the Islamic world. Baghdad was the biggest city of the Middle Ages for a significant part of the Abbasid time, topping at a populace of in excess of a million. The city was to a great extent demolished on account of the Mongol Empire in 1258, bringing about a decay that would wait through numerous hundreds of years because of regular infections and various progressive domains. With the acknowledgment of Iraq as a free state (some time ago the British Mandate of Mesopotamia) in 1938, Baghdad slowly recovered a portion of its previous conspicuousness as a huge focal point of Arab culture.

A rose is a woody lasting blooming plant of the sort Rosa, in the family Rosaceae, or the blossom it bears. There are more than three hundred species and a large number of cultivars. They structure a gathering of plants that can be erect bushes, climbing or trailing with stems that are regularly equipped with sharp prickles. Blooms shift fit as a fiddle and are typically expansive and garish, in hues going from white through yellows and reds. Most species are local to Asia, with littler numbers local to Europe, North America, and northwestern Africa. Species, cultivars and half and halves are for the most part generally developed for their excellence and frequently are fragrant. Roses have procured social noteworthiness in numerous social orders. Rose plants run in size from minimal, smaller than normal roses, to climbers that can achieve seven meters in stature. Various species hybridize effectively, and this has been utilized in the improvement of the wide scope of greenery enclosure roses.

The chukar partridge, or simply chukar (Alectoris chukar), likewise called Chukor, is an Eurasian upland gamebird in the fowl family Phasianidae. It has been considered to form a superspecies complex alongside the stone partridge, Philby's partridge and Przevalski's partridge and treated in the past as conspecific especially with the first. This partridge has very much stamped highly contrasting bars on the flanks and a dark band running from the forehead over the eye and running down the head to form a neckband that encases a white throat. The species has been brought into numerous other spots and wild populaces have built up themselves in parts of North America and New Zealand. This fledgling can be found in parts of Middle East and South Asia. The chukar is a stout 32– 35 cm (13– 14 in) long partridge, with a light dark colored back, dim bosom, and buff tummy. The shades fluctuate over the different populaces. The face is white with a dark gorget. It has rufous-streaked flanks, red legs and coral red bill. Genders are comparative, the female marginally littler in size and coming up short on the goad. The tail has 14 feathers, the third essential is the longest while the first is level with the fifth and 6th primaries.