Afghanistan, authoritatively the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, is a landlocked nation situated in South and Central Asia. Afghanistan is flanked by Pakistan in the south and east; Iran in the west; Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan in the north; and in the far upper east, China. Its domain covers 652,000 square kilometers (252,000 sq mi) and a lot of it is secured by the Hindu Kush mountain go, which encounters extremely cool winters. The north comprises of rich fields, while the south-west comprises of deserts where temperatures can get sweltering in summers. Kabul fills in as the capital and its biggest city. Human home in Afghanistan goes back to the Middle Paleolithic Era, and the nation's vital area along the Silk Road associated it to the way of life of the Middle East and different pieces of Asia. The land has generally been home to different people groups and has seen various military crusades, including those by Alexander the Great, Mauryas, Muslim Arabs, Mongols, British, Soviets, and since 2001 by the United States with NATO-partnered nations. It has been classified "unconquerable" and nicknamed the "memorial park of domains". The land additionally filled in as the source from which the Kushans, Hephthalites, Samanids, Saffarids, Ghaznavids, Ghorids, Khaljis, Mughals, Hotaks, Durranis, and others have ascended to shape real domains. The political history of the cutting edge province of Afghanistan started with the Hotak and Durrani traditions in the eighteenth century. In the late nineteenth century, Afghanistan turned into a cradle state in the "Incomparable Game" between British India and the Russian Empire. Its fringe with British India, the Durand Line, was framed in 1893 however it isn't perceived by the Afghan government and it has prompted stressed relations with Pakistan since the last's freedom in 1947. Following the Third Anglo-Afghan War in 1919 the nation was free of remote impact, in the long run turning into a government under King Amanullah, until very nearly 50 years after the fact when Zahir Shah was toppled and a republic was built up. In 1978, following a second upset Afghanistan previously turned into a communist state and afterward a Soviet Union protectorate. This evoked the Soviet– Afghan War during the 1980s against mujahideen rebels. By 1996 the greater part of Afghanistan was caught by the Islamic fundamentalist gathering the Taliban, who managed the vast majority of the nation as an extremist routine for more than five years. The Taliban were coercively expelled by the NATO-drove alliance, and another equitably chosen government political structure was shaped.

Kabul is the capital and biggest city of Afghanistan, situated in the eastern area of the nation. It is additionally a district, framing some portion of the more noteworthy Kabul Province. Kabul is found high up in a thin valley between the Hindu Kush mountains, with a height of 1,790 meters (5,873 ft) making it one of the most astounding capitals on the planet. The city is said to be more than 3,500 years of age, referenced since at any rate the season of the Achaemenid Empire. It is at a key area along the exchange courses of South and Central Asia, and a key area of the antiquated Silk Road. It has been a piece of the Achaemenids pursued by the Seleucids, Greco Bactrians, Indo Greeks, Kushans, Kabul Shahis, Saffarids, Samanids, Ghaznavids, Ghurids, Khwarazmians, Qarlughids, Khaljis, Timurids, Mughals, and Hotaks, until at last ending up some portion of the Durrani Empire (otherwise called the "Afghan Empire") in 1747. Kabul turned into the capital of Afghan Empire in 1776, amid the rule of Timur Shah Durrani, the child of Ahmad Shah Durrani. Kabul is known for its greenery enclosures, bazaars, and royal residences.

The National Flower of Afghanistan: Tulips (Tulipa) structure a sort of spring-sprouting lasting herbaceous bulbiferous geophytes (having globules as capacity organs). The blooms are typically vast, garish and brilliantly shaded, by and large red, pink, yellow, or white (more often than not in warm hues). They regularly have an alternate hued smear at the base of the tepals (petals and sepals, by and large), inside. On account of a level of fluctuation inside the populaces, and a long history of development, order has been mind boggling and questionable. The tulip is an individual from the Liliaceae (lily) family, alongside 14 other genera, where it is most firmly identified with Amana, Erythronium and Gagea in the clan Lilieae. There are around 75 species, and these are partitioned among four subgenera. The name "tulip" is believed to be gotten from a Persian word for turban, which it might have been thought to take after. Tulips initially were found in a band extending from Southern Europe to Central Asia, however since the seventeenth century have turned out to be broadly naturalized and developed. In their common state they are adjusted to steppes and precipitous zones with calm atmospheres. While tulips had most likely been developed in Asia from the tenth century, they didn't go to the consideration of the West until the sixteenth century, when Western ambassadors to the Ottoman court watched and wrote about them. They were quickly brought into Europe and turned into an excited ware amid Tulip insanity. Tulips were every now and again delineated in Dutch Golden Age works of art, and have progressed toward becoming related with the Netherlands, the real maker for world markets, from that point onward. In the seventeenth century Netherlands, amid the season of the Tulip madness, a disease of tulip knobs by the tulip breaking infection made variegated examples in the tulip blooms that were highly appreciated and esteemed. This marvel was alluded to as "broken". Rearing projects have delivered a large number of half breed and cultivars notwithstanding the first species (referred to in agriculture as herbal tulips). They are prevalent all through the world, both as elaborate patio nursery plants and as cut blossoms.

The National Animal of Afghanistan:The Golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) is a standout amongst the best-known winged creatures of prey in the Northern Hemisphere. It is the most generally appropriated types of falcon. Like all eagles, it has a place with the family Accipitridae. These feathered creatures are dim dark colored, with lighter brilliant darker plumage on their scruffs. Youthful eagles of this species normally have white on the tail and frequently have white markings on the wings. Brilliant falcons utilize their nimbleness and speed joined with incredible feet and gigantic, sharp claws to grab up an assortment of prey, principally bunnies, rabbits, marmots and other ground squirrels. Brilliant eagles keep up home extents or domains that might be as expansive as 200 km2 (77 sq mi). They fabricate huge homes in bluffs and other high places to which they may return for a few reproducing years. Most reproducing exercises occur in the spring; they are monogamous and may stay together for quite a long while or perhaps forever. Females lay up to four eggs, and after that hatch them for about a month and a half. Ordinarily, a couple of youthful get by to fledge in around a quarter of a year. These adolescent brilliant hawks for the most part achieve full freedom in the fall, after which they meander generally until building up a region for themselves in four to five years. The brilliant falcon is an expansive raptor, 66 to 102 centimeters (26 to 40 in) long. Its wings are wide and the wingspan is 1.8 to 2.34 meters (5 ft 11 in to 7 ft 8 in). Brilliant falcons' wingspan is the fifth biggest among living hawk species. Females are bigger than guys, with a greater distinction in bigger subspecies.

The National Animal of Afghanistan: The snow leopard (Panthera uncia), otherwise called the ounce, is a huge feline local to the mountain scopes of Central and South Asia. It is compromised by poaching and natural surroundings demolition following infrastructural improvements. The snow leopard possesses high and subalpine zones at heights from 3,000 to 4,500 m (9,800 to 14,800 ft), extending from eastern Afghanistan to Mongolia and western China. In the northern range nations, it likewise happens at lower heights. The snow leopard's hide is whitish to dim with dark spots on head and neck, however bigger rosettes on the back, flanks and ragged tail. The stomach is whitish. The hide is thick with hairs somewhere in the range of 5 and 12 cm (2.0 and 4.7 in) long. Its body is stocky, short-legged and marginally littler than different felines of the class Panthera, achieving a shoulder stature of 56 cm (22 in), and running in head to body estimate from 75 to 150 cm (30 to 59 in). Its tail is 80 to 105 cm (31 to 41 in) long. Its eyes are light green or dark in shading. Its gag is short and its temple domed. Its nasal pits are vast. It weighs somewhere in the range of 22 and 55 kg (49 and 121 lb), with a periodic expansive male achieving 75 kg (165 lb) and little female of under 25 kg (55 lb). The snow leopard demonstrates a few adjustments for living in a chilly, sloping condition. Its body is stocky, its hide is thick, and its ears are little and adjusted, highlights that help to limit heat misfortune.