Iran, likewise called Persia and formally known as the Islamic Republic of Iran, is a nation in Western Asia. Involving a land region of 1,648,195 km2 (636,372 sq mi), it is the second biggest nation in the Middle East and the seventeenth biggest on the planet. Iran is flanked toward the northwest by Armenia and the Republic of Azerbaijan, toward the north by the Caspian Sea, toward the upper east by Turkmenistan, toward the east by Afghanistan and Pakistan, toward the south by the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman, and toward the west by Turkey and Iraq. The nation's focal area in Eurasia and Western Asia, and its vicinity to the Strait of Hormuz, give it geostrategic significance. Tehran is the nation's capital and biggest city, just as its driving financial and social focus. Iran is home to one of the world's most established human advancements, starting with the development of the Elamite kingdoms in the fourth thousand years BCE. It was first brought together by the Iranian Medes in the seventh century BCE, achieving its most prominent regional size in the 6th century BCE, when Cyrus the Great established the Achaemenid Empire, which extended from Eastern Europe to the Indus Valley, getting to be one of the biggest realms ever. The Iranian domain tumbled to Alexander the Great in the fourth century BCE and was partitioned into a few Hellenistic states. An Iranian defiance finished in the foundation of the Parthian Empire, which was prevailing in the third century CE by the Sasanian Empire, a main force to be reckoned with for the following four centuries. Middle Easterner Muslims vanquished the domain in the seventh century CE. The Islamization of Iran prompted the decrease of Zoroastrianism, which was by then the nation's overwhelming religion, and Iran's real commitments to craftsmanship and science spread inside the Muslim guideline amid the Islamic Golden Age. Following two centuries, a time of different local Muslim lines started, which were later vanquished by the Seljuq Turks and the Ilkhanate Mongols. The ascent of the Safavids in the fifteenth century prompted the restoration of a brought together Iranian state and national character, with the nation's transformation to Shia Islam denoting a defining moment in Iranian and Muslim history. Under Nader Shah, Iran was a standout amongst the most dominant states in the eighteenth century, however by the nineteenth century, a progression of contentions with the Russian Empire prompted critical regional misfortunes. The Iranian Constitutional Revolution in the mid twentieth century prompted the foundation of an established government and the nation's first assembly. A 1953 overthrow actuated by the United Kingdom and the United States brought about more noteworthy absolutism and developing Western political impact. Resulting across the board disappointment and agitation against the government prompted the 1979 Revolution and the foundation of an Islamic republic.

Tehran is the capital of Iran and Tehran Province. With a populace of around 8.694 million in the city and 15 million in the bigger metropolitan region of Greater Tehran, Tehran is the most crowded city in Iran and Western Asia, and has the second-biggest metropolitan zone in the Middle East. Tehran was first picked as the capital of Iran by Agha Mohammad Khan of the Qajar administration in 1796, so as to stay inside close reach of Iran's regions in the Caucasus, before being isolated from Iran because of the Russo-Iranian Wars, and to maintain a strategic distance from the competing groups of the already controlling Iranian traditions. The capital has been moved a few times since the commencement, and Tehran is the 32nd national capital of Iran. Expansive scale pulverization and modifying started during the 1920s, and Tehran has been a goal for mass relocations from all over Iran since the twentieth century. Most of the number of inhabitants in Tehran are Persian-talking individuals, and generally 99% of the populace comprehend and communicate in Persian, yet there are expansive populaces of other ethno-phonetic gatherings who live in Tehran and communicate in Persian as a second language.

A rose is a woody lasting blooming plant of the sort Rosa, in the family Rosaceae, or the blossom it bears. There are more than three hundred species and a large number of cultivars. They structure a gathering of plants that can be erect bushes, climbing or trailing with stems that are regularly equipped with sharp prickles. Blooms shift fit as a fiddle and are typically expansive and garish, in hues going from white through yellows and reds. Most species are local to Asia, with littler numbers local to Europe, North America, and northwestern Africa. Species, cultivars and half and halves are for the most part generally developed for their excellence and frequently are fragrant. Roses have procured social noteworthiness in numerous social orders. Rose plants run in size from minimal, smaller than normal roses, to climbers that can achieve seven meters in stature. Various species hybridize effectively, and this has been utilized in the improvement of the wide scope of greenery enclosure roses.

The common nightingale or simply nightingale (Luscinia megarhynchos), otherwise called rufous songbird, is a little passerine fowl best known for its amazing and delightful tune. It has a place with a gathering of increasingly earthly species, regularly called talks. The regular songbird is marginally bigger than the European robin, at 15– 16.5 cm (5.9– 6.5 in) length. It is plain dark colored above aside from the ruddy tail. It is buff to white beneath. Genders are comparative. The eastern subspecies L. m. hafizi and L. m. africana have paler upperparts and a more grounded face-design, including a pale supercilium. The melody of the songbird has been depicted as a standout amongst the most delightful sounds in nature, rousing tunes, fantasies, musical drama, books, and a lot of verse.

The Asiatic lion's hide runs in shading from reddish brownish, vigorously dotted with dark, to sandy or buffish dim, now and again with a shiny sheen in specific lights. Guys have just moderate mane development at the highest point of the head, with the goal that their ears are constantly unmistakable. The mane is meager on the cheeks and throat where it is just 10 cm (3.9 in) long. About portion of Asiatic lions' skulls from the Gir woodland have separated infraorbital foramina, while African lions have just a single foramen on either side. The sagittal peak is all the more emphatically created, and the post-orbital region is shorter than in African lion. Skull length in grown-up guys ranges from 330 to 340 mm (13 to 13 in), and in females from 292 to 302 mm (11.5 to 11.9 in). It varies from the African lion by a bigger tail tuft and less swelled sound-related bullae. The most striking morphological character of the Asiatic lion is a longitudinal overlap of skin running along its stomach. Shoulder stature of guys is 107– 120 centimeters (3.51– 3.94 feet), and of females 80– 107 centimeters (2.62– 3.51 feet). Head-and-body estimations of two lions in Gir Forest were 1.98 m (78 in) each, with tail-lengths of 0.79– 0.89 m (31– 35 in) and all out lengths of 2.82– 2.87 m (111– 113 in), separately. The Gir lion is comparative in size to the Central African lion, and littler than huge African lions. Grown-up guys gauge 160 to 190 kg (350 to 420 lb), while females gauge 110 to 120 kg (240 to 260 lb). The lion is one of five pantherine felines possessing India, alongside the Bengal tiger, Indian panther, snow panther and obfuscated panther. It was otherwise called "Indian lion" and "Persian lion".